LISTENING SECTION:

In the listening section you have to hear 2 or 3 listening sub-sections each sub-section is having combination of lectures and conversations. Each sub-section has either two lectures and one conversation or two conversations and one lecture.
total time allotted for this section are 41 to 57 mins.

To crack the listening section, follow these steps….

Basic principle 1:- find the main idea or purpose

Lectures will be designed around a main idea, where as conversation will center on a purpose.
For lecture the speaker will typically introduce the main idea.
At the very beginning of the talk you will listen following lines:
·         “Okay, today i want to talk about……”
·         “What we’re going to talk about today is…..”
·         “Today, we’re going to look at……”
·         “Tonight, I wanted to look at….”

The professor will then follow with the topic of discussion. You should write down the topic name.

During a conversation the beginning of the conversation will reveal the speaker’s initial greetings.
This may be as follows:
      •         “Hi, what can I do for you?”
      •          “Hello, how can I help you?”
      •          “What can I do for you today?”
      •          “Is there something I can do for you?”

After this, the speaker will state his/her opinion. Usually, they ask for some short of help or assistance.

Basic principle 2:- Focus on the structure
Types of lectures structure
      1. Compare/contrast
      2. Cause- and -effect- relationship
      3. Abstract category/specific examples
      4. Sequences


Lecture structure #1: Compare/Contrast
This type of lecture involves finding similarities and differences between two or more things.
They introduce the framework by using
·         “Some theories”
·         “Possible explanations”
·         “Many different views”
After the framework, speaker lists them and mentions their characteristics.
Some Compare/contrast indicating words are:
      •         “similarly”
      •          “on the other hand”
      •          “however”
      •          “additionally”
      •          “also”


Lecture structure #2: Cause-and-effect-relationship
In this type of lecture, the lecturer explains why a certain situation occurs.
They introduce the framework by using
·         “Why would this happen?”
·         “What is the reason for this?”
·         “How could this happen?”
·         “What leads to this”
If it seems the speaker is describing a cause-and-effect situation, listen for the cause.
Some phrase which indicating the cause are:
·         “X causes Y”
·         “X results in Y”
·         “X produces Y”
·         “X leads to Y”
·         “X brings about Y”
·         “X is responsible for Y”

After identifying the cause, look for the speaker to detail the effects with a phrase similar to the following:
·         “Y is caused by X”
·         “Y results from X”
·         “Y is due to X”
·         “Y can be blamed on X”
·         “Y is attributable to X”
·         “Y is happens because of X”

Lecture structure # 3: Abstract category/Specific examples
This type of lecture starts with an Abstract category and then move to specific examples or specific examples to general interpretation
Some abstract concept introducing phrases are
·         “One approach……”
·         “One theory….”
·         “The idea is…….”
·         “The concept ……’
·         “The basic premise is…….”
Then the speaker will move to examples:
·         “For example…”
·         “One instance of this is…..”
·         “Consider…..”
·         “We see this in/ with”
·         “This is illustrated by/with”

Lecture structure #4: Sequence
This type of lecture may present a series of steps or stages, like process, development, stages, transition.
They usually mention it by using
·         “First…………….. second…………………third”
·         “Next……..”
·         “Then………”
·         “Initially……..”
·         “Finally…………”

Types of Conversation Structures:
      •   Problem/Solution
      •   Service encounter
      •   Significant event

Conversion structure #1: Problem/Solution
In this type of conversation one has problem and other provide solutions.
Problem may be introduced as issue, difficulty, trouble.
The word which indicates solution or advice are as follows:
·         “Why don’t you………….”
·         “If I were you, I’d…………”
·         “May be you should………”
·         “Have you tried/ thought of…………”
In this type of conversation it is important to focus on problem and its solution.

Conversation structure #2: Service Encounter
In this type of conversation one person usually discussing problem with teacher, librarian, office worker or security guard.
We have to focus on following word:
·         “requirement”
·         “application”
·         “recommendation”
·         “prohibited”

Conversation structure # 3: Significant Event
This type of conversation usually contains some kind of meeting, an announcement or a social event.
Usually speakers introduce the event with:-
·         “Have you heard about……”
·         “Did you see…….”
·         “Let you know about…….”
·         “program/event/opportunity/chance ”
After it they provide detail and plans to concerning the event, by following words:
·         “participate”
·         “plans”
·         “open to”
·         “Free”
·         “Busy”

Basic principle 3: Listen for TONE & ATTITUDE
Focus on purpose of conversation that will aid you the purpose of the tone.

Basic principle 4: Pay attention to transition.
Reversal transition
·         “You know what?”
·         “We’ll come back to that in a moment”
·         “ actually, Let’s””
·         “Instead”
·         “Better Yet”
·         “I don’t want to get into that Now”

Negation transition:
By the help of these you can identify that what the speaker talking about.
·         “I don’t have to explain that; right?”
·         “You guys are okay with this; correct?”
·         “We don’t need to go into that now; okay?”

Basic approach
Step 1: Actively listen to the selection
Focus on main topic, structure & tone.
Hear the main idea or purpose at the very beginning of the speech and the majority of the details and supporting examples throughout the rest.

Step 2: Use process of elimination (POE).
Eliminate those answers which are:
·         Too specific answer
·         Too broad answer
·         Not mentioned.
·         Trapping and tempting answers
·         Having extreme languages
·         Having new idea
·         Contrary to the main idea.

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